Endless Empire: Spain’s Retreat, Europe’s Eclipse, America’s Decline

Throughout four millennia of recorded history there has been no end to empire, but instead an endless succession of empires. After five centuries of sustained expansion, the half-dozen European powers that ruled half of humanity collapsed with stunning speed after World War II, creating a hundred emerging nations in Asia and Africa. Amid this imperial transition, the United States became the new global hegemon, dominating this world order with an array of power that closely resembled that of its European predecessors.
As Brazil, Russia, India, China, and the European Union now rise in global influence, twenty leading historians from four continents take a timely look backward and forward to discover patterns of eclipse in past empires that are already shaping a decline in U.S. global power, including:
- erosion of economic and fiscal strength needed for military power on a global scale
- misuse of military power through micro-military misadventures
- breakdown of alliances among major powers
- weakened controls over the subordinate elites critical for any empire’s exercise of global power
- insufficient technological innovation to sustain global force projection.

Alfred W. McCoy is the J.R.W. Smail Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and author of Policing America’s Empire. Josep M. Fradera is professor of history at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona, Spain, and author of many books on Spanish colonial history, including Colonias para despues de un imperio. Stephen Jacobson is associate professor of history at Pompeu Fabra and author of Catalonia’s Advocates.